Information system architecture document. Various aspects of the concept of architecture is

Definition of architecture

Systems architecture - a concept that defines the model, structure, functions performed and the relationship of IS components.

In Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd Edition, Bass, Clements, and Kazman define

The architecture of a software or computing system is the structure or structures of a system, including software elements, the externally visible properties of these elements, and the relationships between them. Architecture is about the outside of interfaces, the inside details of elements - details that are purely about the inside implementation - are not architectural.

Architecture is as a set of architectures.

In relation to the organization, the concept of corporate architecture is usually used, and the following types of architectures are distinguished.

Business architecture.

IT architecture

Data architecture

Application architecture or software architecture

Technical architecture

The combination of data architecture and application architecture is called IS architecture.

Business architecture

Business architecture or business process level architecture defines business strategies, management, organization, key business processes across the enterprise, and not all business processes are implemented by means of IT technologies.

The business architecture is based on:

Business strategies are a collection of goals, plans, guidelines, principles, policies, standards and procedures that support the implementation of this strategy.

Business Process Architecture - defines the core functionality of an organization.

Performance indicators

Business architecture maps to IT architecture.

IT architecture

Considered in three aspects:

achieving business goals through the use of a software infrastructure focused on the implementation of the most important business applications

as an environment that provides the implementation of business applications

a set of software and hardware that makes up the organization's information system and includes, in particular, databases and middleware.

Data architecture...

Data architecture organization includes logical and physical data stores and data management tools

Software architecture displays a collection of software applications.

Application architecture is a description of a single application running as part of an IT system, including its programming interfaces.

Technical architecture characterizes hardware and includes such elements as the processor, memory, hard drives, peripherals, elements for their connection, as well as network facilities.

Platform architectures of information systems

Centralized architecture

70s. The era of mainframes - large centralized computers.

Key Features:

All basic application functions are implemented in one place

All users work simultaneously on the same computer

Pros:

Zero administration of user workstations

Centralized system development and maintenance

Minuses:

Expensive equipment is justified only for large systems

Mutual dependence of users at the program level

The user cannot customize the working environment to suit their needs

Personal Computer

Early 80s - pc

File Server Architecture

There were local networks. Files began to be transferred over the network. First there were peer-to-peer networks - all computers are equal.

Then came the idea of storing all public files on a dedicated computer on the network - a file server.

Key Features:

The data storage function is placed on a dedicated computer - a file server

Support for multi-user work.

Multi-user mode of working with data

convenience of centralized access control

low development cost

low cost of updating and changing software

the problem of multi-user work with data: sequential access, lack of integrity guarantees

Low performance

poor ability to connect new customers

system unreliability

Lecture 2. Information system as a component of an effective organization management system

Modern information systems are considered as an effective tool in the competitive struggle of an enterprise. In this regard, IS are designed to quickly adapt to new business needs (its goals and objectives) and fully comply with the enterprise architecture (Enterprise Architecture - EA).

Many of the analysts of large companies (for example, Cliff Finkelstein) believe that at present most of them have simply moved from a state of manual chaos to a state of automated chaos. Accordingly, almost any large organization requires structuring and documenting both business processes and the information systems that support them.

The organization is seen as a stable formal social structure that receives resources from the outside world and processes them into products of its activities. Organizations have both a number of common features inherent in all of them, and many individual characteristics.

There are two ways to describe an organization:

By specifying the structure (structural model);

By describing the states (statics and dynamics, the state of the organization - a set of indicators)

Using the description of the operator (functional model).

When analyzing the effectiveness of using a corporate IS in an enterprise, the question often arises of the need to match its architecture with the architecture of the enterprise itself. Implementation of information systems in an enterprise is a complex and time-consuming process. At the same time, many organizations spend a lot of money on the implementation of various information systems without analyzing the overall concept of enterprise development. Building a complex information system of a modern enterprise can be compared in complexity with the design of a city, where information systems correspond to buildings. Information systems, like individual buildings, require maintenance and proper operation, repair and modernization. But the life cycle of an information system is much shorter than the life cycle of a building.

Therefore, when designing a corporate IS, it is necessary to provide metamodel organizations. Metamodel organization - this is the most general and comprehensive representation of it as a single system that has short-term and long-term business goals defined by the mission and strategy, which has the external and internal resources necessary to fulfill the mission and achieve the goals set, as well as the established rules for carrying out activities - ways to implement business processes and business functions.

Specifying an organization's metamodel means defining its architecture and infrastructure.

Architecture organizations ( EA - Enterprise Architecture) – some concept (logical construction) that determines what and how it does (mission, goals, strategy, main functions), what parts it breaks down (element properties), where they are located (organization structure) and how these parts are and on what principles interact (the relationship of components). The architecture of the organization, as a description of the organization of the highest level for it, contains the concepts of a lower level - the architecture of the functional and structural parts of the organization.

The enterprise architecture defines the overall structure and functions of subsystems (business and IT) within the entire organization as a whole (including partners and other organizations that form the so-called "real-time enterprise"), provides a common framework model (framework), standards and guidelines for the architecture of the level individual projects. The shared vision provided by the enterprise architecture enables a unified designing systems that are adequate in terms of meeting the goals of the organization, and capable of interoperability and integration where needed.

To build the architecture of an organization, a certain infrastructure organizations - a complex of interconnected service structures that make up and / or provide the basis for solving a certain problem or task, i.e. infrastructure is a set of tools for implementing the architecture. The choice of a specific organization architecture predetermines the necessary infrastructure for this. The concept of "infrastructure" as well as the concept of "architecture" is characterized by the content of the description of infrastructures of the lower level of the hierarchy and infrastructures of functional orientation

According to the ANSI/IEEE 1471 standard, an organization's architecture is defined as the "fundamental organization systems, consisting of a set of components, their connections between themselves and the external environment, and the principles that guide their creation and development.

The architecture of the organization has two components that describe the activities of the company from two main positions (Fig. 1.8):

· business architecture describes the business rules and interaction of business processes, the structure and flows of the necessary information;

· information technology architecture describes an enterprise in terms of technical concepts such as hardware, software, security, and safety.

Rice. 1.8 Relationship between business and IS architectures

Formalization of the architecture of enterprise information systems reduces their level of complexity and simplifies integration. Optimization of the company's business processes and optimization of the functionality of information systems used to automate business processes increases the flow of investment in information technology. Enterprise architecture primarily integrates information technology and business architectures, providing a systematic approach to enterprise management issues.

The enterprise architecture is the link between information systems and the needs of the enterprise's business, for which it combines the processes of strategic business planning, applied information systems and the processes of their maintenance.

At the same time, the architecture of the enterprise is inextricably linked with the main work processes:

strategy and planning at the enterprise level;

management of corporate projects.

When developing an enterprise strategy (Strategy and Planning) and in the process of managing corporate projects (Enterprise program management) Currently, it is customary to take into account the direction directly related to information technology. Modern management considers IT projects and strategic IT initiatives as a certain company asset that can be managed.

META Group experts believe that Business and IT portfolio management includes information technology portfolio management, which is considered as an investment management process in the field of IT project management. Under portfolio refers to a set of projects carried out on a common pool of resources (finance, people, equipment, materials, energy). At the same time, the pool of resources and the results of all portfolio projects are within the competence of one responsibility center - the area of intersection of the enterprise architecture, enterprise strategy and corporate project management (Fig. 1.9). At the same time, strategy and planning provide the basis for developing an enterprise IT strategy, in accordance with which projects for the implementation (modernization) of information systems appear. Project management can be considered, first of all, as a mechanism that ensures the transition from the current state of the enterprise to the planned one, or, in other words, the transition from the current enterprise architecture to the target architecture.

Rice. 1.9 Information technology portfolio management

Presentation of information technologies in the form of company assets allows you to correctly evaluate and prioritize investments and manage IT projects (assets), taking into account an acceptable level of risk, and thus plan investments in this area. It is believed that IT portfolio management should have three main objectives:

· maximizing the efficiency of the IT portfolio;

synchronization of the IT portfolio with business requirements;

Finding the optimal balance between risk and potential return on the IT portfolio.

Enterprise architecture is one of the elements of IT portfolio management. The architecture of the enterprise allows you to see the whole range of activities of the enterprise as a whole, creates multi-level links (strategic level, structural level, operational level), reflecting the impact of individual elements of the enterprise development strategy on its business processes (Fig. 1.10), and their dependence on information systems and technological elements. It provides the necessary information about the business processes and technologies needed to create an effective information system in the enterprise. The enterprise architecture not only provides the foundation for building a portfolio of assets, but also supports the entire life cycle of many IT assets.

Rice. 1.10. Enterprise management

In accordance with the structure of the enterprise management system, abstraction levels of the enterprise architecture are distinguished. Each of them has a single set of models, principles, guidelines, and which are used to create and develop systems in the context of the activities of the entire enterprise as a whole. We can distinguish the following three levels of abstraction (Fig. 1.11) 7: enterprise architecture level; the level of architecture of individual solutions; application layer (design and development of solutions).

Rice. 1.11. Abstraction levels of enterprise architecture in the context of its activities

Enterprise Architecture Layer- describes the elements of the strategic level architecture, focused on creating a common development concept across the entire enterprise as a whole. At this level, the main goals and objectives of the enterprise, its development strategy are considered, on the basis of which the IT strategy and IT architecture of the enterprise are developed ( strategizing or pre-planning ) . Here the general structure of information systems within the entire organization as a whole is determined, and their main functions are highlighted.

The level of enterprise architecture is, first of all, the general scheme of functioning of the entire enterprise as a whole, opening up the possibility of designing the entire complex of information systems that meet the needs of the enterprise, and their effective integration. The construction of such a scheme allows not only to show which business processes and information systems ensure the achievement of the main goals of the enterprise, but also to avoid their duplication, to increase the efficiency of collaboration.

Decision level- corresponds to the structural level of management and determines the structure and functions of individual projects. At this level, detailed information about applications, business processes and their relationships is formed. It defines the structure of information systems, their interfaces and functions. Plans and schemes for their development are determined, a service level agreement (SLA) is being developed.

Project Level Architecture evaluates a project for the introduction of new elements of the enterprise information system: how new information systems will fit into the context of the entire enterprise, with whom they will interact and what technologies they will use.

Application layer, which includes the design of a separate solution and its architecture, plans implementation projects. At this level, work is already directly with information systems. Defines the structure and functions of individual applications that are developed to provide specific functionality. This is where the implementation of the standards and guidelines defined at the higher levels takes place.

An information system, at this level, is considered as a complex complex object that dynamically changes over time. The concrete implementation of the system includes applications, databases and their actual location, architecture, actual data flows, and implementation of control processes.

The number of abstraction levels and their type may vary depending on the tasks. The use of abstraction levels allows the enterprise to be decomposed into separate subsystems and elements with their subsequent analysis. The concept of dividing the architecture of an enterprise into different levels of abstraction helps managers make informed management decisions based on an analysis of the impact of planned changes on the enterprise as a whole.

When making changes to the architecture of an enterprise, various levels of abstraction are used. This is due to the fact that each level of abstraction uses its own models that describe certain subject areas. For example, when introducing information technology in an enterprise, it is customary to distinguish the following levels of abstraction:

· context level(why?) focuses primarily on leadership and justifies the need for projects;

· conceptual level(what?) defines the general requirements for the project and possible options for its implementation;

· logic level(how?) describes how the project will be implemented;

· physical layer defines solutions, standards and technologies to implement the project

Thus, we can say that the enterprise architecture is a management tool that provides a decision-making process for investments in information technology, blurring the line between business management and IT department.

Traditionally, it has been thought that new information technology initiatives should reflect business requirements, and new information systems should be built to meet those requirements. However, at the present stage of development of society, business must not only form its own requirements for IP, but also adequately respond to the "signals" of IT departments that open up new opportunities for enterprises to increase competitiveness due to the use of scientific and technological progress in the field of information systems and technologies. Thus, the architecture of the enterprise can be considered as a tool for the innovative development of the organizational principles for building the activities of the enterprise, ensuring its effective functioning (Fig. 1.12).

Rice. 1.12. The evolution of the organizational principles of enterprise management

From the point of view of enterprise development, it is customary to consider two components of its architecture:

· target architecture- reflects the enterprise architecture development plan (“To be”);

· current architecture– describes the current state of the enterprise architecture ("As is").

Current architecture reflects the objective reality that exists in the enterprise at a given time, and includes the relevant components (business processes, information systems, technological elements) and their connections. This is a set of models with inevitable simplifications and limitations reflecting the subjectivity of managers.

The basis for the development of the current architecture is the process of documenting and maintaining information about the state of the enterprise in an up-to-date form, which ensures the registration and control of information about all elements of the enterprise architecture, including maintaining a database of architectural objects, maintaining management accounting and state accounting.

The current architecture development process is similar to the ITIL/ITSM (Configuration Management) process. To simplify the work of developing the current architecture, many companies use the Configuration Item Database (CMDB), supplementing it with the necessary information. The process of developing the current architecture is similar to the process implemented in the concept of ITIL / ITSM (the concept of enterprise IT management).

Target architecture - describes the desired future state of the enterprise or "what should be formed", that is - the target architecture is a promising (ideal) model of the enterprise.

The basis of the target architecture is:

strategic requirements for business processes and information technology;

information on the identified "bottlenecks" and ways to eliminate them;

· analysis of technological trends and business environment of the enterprise.

The target architecture (“To be” model) and the current architecture (“As is” model) describe the initial and final state of the enterprise (before and after changes are made to its infrastructure). At the same time, the process of change itself is not considered. Changing the current architecture of the enterprise to the target one means the transfer of the enterprise to a new stage of development. Therefore, the architecture of an enterprise is characterized by a certain life cycle, related, to some extent, to the life cycle of information systems.

Modern approaches to building enterprise architecture traditionally divide it into several subject areas (layers). The number of subject areas depends on the methods used. Consider the subject areas used in most of the existing methods (Fig. 1.13):

strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise;

business architecture of the enterprise;

information technology architecture (IT architecture of the enterprise).

Rice. 1.13. Enterprise architecture subject areas

IT architecture, in turn, is divided into:

information architecture (Enterprise Information Architecture);

Architecture of applied solutions (Enterprise Solution Architecture);

Technological architecture (Enterprise Technical Architecture).

IS architecture is a conceptual description of the structure that defines the model, the functions performed and the relationship of its components, which provides for the presence of 3 components.

1. Information technology. 2. Functional subsystems. 3. Management of information systems.

Types of architectures:

1. File server - a dedicated server optimized for file I / O operations and designed to store files of any type.

2. Client-server - the architecture of a distributed computing system in which the application is divided into client and server processes.

3. Multilevel - allows you to balance the load on the network and system nodes, simplifies administration

4. Internet / Intranet - a complex combination of Internet / Intranet technologies and a multi-level architecture. The tools are complemented by advanced tools for developing applications that work with databases.

5. 5.Basic IP standards: MRP, MRP II, ERP, ERP II, etc.

MRP standard regulates the planning of material requirements to ensure the production process. MRP the system should include:

1.Volume-scheduled production plan (MPS)

2.Programmnuyu implementation of MRP, allowing opred. Needs for materials.

3. Material supply schedule, order schedule, reports to manage the production supply process.

The goal of MRP is to minimize stocks of raw materials and finished products in warehouses and optimize the timely flow of materials into production.

Disadvantages of MRP: lack of control over the implementation of the procurement plan and delimitations on the accounting of production factors.

Standard MRP II ensures effective planning of all enterprise resources. Functions: forecasting, sales management, volume-calendar planning, product structure management, inventory management, division management, purchases, finances, Finn. Analysis and accounting.

For changing MRP, MRP II came ERP systems. Standard ERP describes a comprehensive management information system that covers all key processes of an organization's activities in a single information space. Disadvantage: automate the internal activities of the company. Systems ERP II - automate the back-office and front-office and represent one whole - the corporate system of the enterprise.

Concept ERP II A: 1. Providing free enterprises with contractors. 2. Targeting enterprises from all sectors and market segments. 3. Support for automation of all business functions. 4. Corporate data is available to all members of the business community. 5. The system becomes a web-based application.

IS architecture, types of architectures

Any organization is a complex system. To study complex systems, a systematic approach is used, for the application of which the concept of architecture is introduced. The concept of architecture embodies the idea of the integrity of the system, the idea of subordinating an element of the system to its design, purpose, mission.

System architecture, according to ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000, is "the fundamental organizational structure of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships with each other and with the environment, and the principles that govern its construction and evolution."

At present, the concept of architecture is widely used in the analysis, description, modeling of the activities of organizations (enterprises) as complex system objects. The existence of an organization (enterprise) presupposes that it has some architecture that may or may not provide the necessary level of management and control of the processes of production of products/services, achieve compliance of products/services with consumer expectations, and achieve the set goals.

The architecture of the organization should include a description of the role of people, a description of processes (functions and behavior), a representation of all assistive technologies throughout the life cycle of the organization. It defines the structure of the business, the information needed to run it, the technologies used to support business operations, and the transformation, development, and transition processes needed to implement new technologies as business needs change or emerge.

Traditionally, the architecture of an organization is presented in the form of the following layers (table 1.3.1).

Depending on the mission, development strategy and long-term business goals business architecture defines the necessary business processes, information and material flows, supporting their organizational structure.

System architecture defines a set of methodological, technological and technical solutions to provide information support for the organization's activities, determined by its business architecture, and includes application, data and technical architectures.

Application architecture includes application software systems that support the execution of business processes, interfaces for interaction between application software systems and with external systems, data sources or consumers, tools and methods for developing and maintaining applications.

Data architecture define databases and data warehouses, database and data warehouse management systems, rules and means of restricting access to data.

Network architecture and platform architecture represent technical architecture.

network architecture form computer networks, used communication protocols, services and addressing systems in networks, methods for ensuring uninterrupted operation of networks in force majeure conditions.

Platform architecture includes computer hardware - servers, workstations, data storage devices and other computer equipment, operating and control systems, utilities and office software systems, methods for ensuring the uninterrupted operation of equipment (mainly servers) and databases in force majeure circumstances.

The architecture of the organization is one of the main tools for managing changes in business and technology, while supporting the work of managers in the analysis of potential changes and their implementation, creates the basis for collaboration between business managers and IT managers, creates a single information space of the organization.

Information system architecture- this is a conceptual description of the structure that defines the model, the functions performed and the relationship of the components of the information system.

The architecture of the information system provides for the presence of three components:

1. Information Technology- hardware and software component, telecommunications and data that jointly ensure the functioning of the information system and are its main material basis;

2. Functional subsystems- specialized programs that provide processing and analysis of information for the integral preparation of documents or decision-making in a specific functional area based on information technology;

3. Information systems management ensures the optimal interaction of information technologies, functional subsystems and related specialists, as well as their development throughout the entire life cycle of the information system.

There are the following types of architectures: file server; client-server; multilevel; data warehouse architecture; Internet/Intranet.

In general, the functions of the client application are divided into the following groups:

Data input and display (presentation logic) is a part of the client application code that determines what the user sees on the screen when working with the application. As a rule, obtaining information from the user occurs through various forms. And the issuance of query results - through reports;

Business logic is a part of the client application code that defines the algorithm for solving specific application tasks. It determines the functionality and performance of the system as a whole. Program code blocks can be distributed over the network and reused (CORBA, DCOM) to create complex distributed applications;

Data processing within the application (database logic) is the part of the client application code that links server data to the application. It provides for adding, modifying and fetching data, checking the integrity and consistency of data, and implementing transactions.

Physically, the functions can be implemented by a single software module, or they can be distributed to several parallel processes in one or more network nodes.

The following architectures are being considered

Features\Architecture type	File Server	Client-server (Business logic on the client)	Client-server (business logic on the server)	3-tier architecture
Presentation logic	Customer	Customer	Customer	Customer
Business logic	Customer	Customer	DB server	Apps server
Database Logic	File server (or client) All three functions are implemented by one software module	Database server Presentation and business logic form a single module. Data is stored on the database server	Database server Business logic is implemented as stored procedures executed on the database server	Database server Functions are executed on different computers.

File Server- a dedicated server optimized for file I / O operations and designed to store files of any type, with a large amount of disk space. To increase the reliability of data storage, it is equipped with a RAID controller.

In the file server architecture, the server performs the functions of storing data and program code, and the client performs data processing. The client accesses the server at the level of file commands, the file management system reads the requested data from the database and transfers this data block by block to the client application. In fact, this architecture assumes the autonomous operation of the IS software on different computers in the network. IS components interact only due to the presence of a common data storage under the control of a DBMS that supports a file-server architecture.

When using a file-server architecture, a copy of the DBMS is created for each user-initiated session with it, which runs on the same processor as the user process. All responsibility for the safety and integrity of the database lies with the program and the network operating system. All data processing takes place on the workstations, and the server is used only as a shared drive. With large amounts of data and work in multi-user mode, performance is significantly reduced.

The architecture of the IS "file server" has a "thick" client and a very "thin" server in the sense that almost all the work is done on the client side, and only sufficient disk space is required from the server.

The disadvantages of the "file-server" architecture include high network traffic associated with the transfer over the network of many blocks and files needed by client applications; a limited set of data manipulation commands; lack of advanced data protection tools (only at the file system level).

1.4. The structure of the corporate information system and requirements.

Rice. 1.5.1. Structure of the ISO 9000 family of standards

The implementation and maintenance of a quality system at an enterprise in accordance with the standards of the ISO 9000 family involves the use of software products of the following classes:

Integrated enterprise management systems (automated information systems for supporting managerial decision-making), AISPPR

Electronic document management systems,

Products that allow you to create models of the functioning of an organization, analyze and optimize its activities (including lower-level systems of the APCS and CAD class, data mining products, as well as software focused exclusively on preparing and maintaining the functioning of quality systems in accordance with the ISO standard 9000)

Therefore, the implementation of the ISO 9000 quality system and the implementation of a corporate information system in an enterprise are interrelated.

A corporate information system (CIS) is a set of information systems of individual divisions of an enterprise, united by a common workflow, such that each of the systems performs part of the decision management tasks, and all systems together ensure the functioning of the enterprise in accordance with ISO 9000 quality standards. a number of requirements for corporate information systems. The main requirements are functional and systemic. The main system requirements are:

consistency and complexity: the system should cover all levels of management of the organization, taking into account branches, subsidiaries, service centers and representative offices. The entire production process from the point of view of computer science is a continuous process of generating, processing, changing, storing and disseminating information. Each workplace - whether it is the workplace of an assembly line assembler, an accountant, a manager, a storekeeper, a marketing specialist or a technologist - is a node that consumes and generates certain information.

standardization and unification:

uniformity of forms of presentation of information, as well as accounting, control and storage of documents;

uniformity, if possible, of the user interface for all tasks being solved;

a single procedure for documentation, maintenance and modification;

the system should be built on the basis of standard software products and standard technologies and methodologies for accounting and data analysis;

reliability: data safety, absence of failures and reliable operation of the system;

security: the security requirement includes several aspects:

data loss protection. This requirement is implemented mainly at the organizational, hardware and system levels. The application system, which is, for example, an automated control system, does not have to contain data backup and recovery tools. These issues are addressed at the operating environment level;

maintaining the integrity and consistency of data. The application system must keep track of changes in interdependent documents and provide versioning and generation management of data sets;

preventing unauthorized access to data within the system. These tasks are solved in a complex way both by organizational measures and at the level of operating and applied systems. In particular, application components must have advanced administration tools that allow restricting access to data and system functionality depending on the user status, as well as monitoring user actions in the system.

preventing unauthorized access to data from outside. The solution to this part of the problem falls mainly on the hardware and operating environment of the CIS operation and requires a number of administrative and organizational measures.

adaptability or flexibility: that is, flexibly adjust to different legislation, have multilingual interfaces, be able to work with different currencies at the same time; the flexibility of the system in customization allows you to simulate any scheme of the enterprise;

the modularity of the construction makes it possible to gradually expand the functionality of the system, moreover, if the system is not created for a specific production, but is purchased on the market of ready-made systems, modularity allows you to exclude from the delivery components that do not fit into the infological model of a particular enterprise or which you can do without at the initial stage, which saves money;

simplicity: developers will do everything to make working with the system convenient for users and administrators. To do this, the system configuration must be implemented on the basis of standard tools (for example, the Windows interface);

scalability and portability to another hardware platform;

openness (access to international networks - on the one hand, as well as the ability to customize the system to the specifics of a particular enterprise);

at a certain stage of enterprise development, the growth of requirements for performance and system resources may require a transition to a more productive software and hardware platform. In order for such a transition not to entail a cardinal breakdown of the management process and unjustified investments in the acquisition of more powerful application components, it is necessary to fulfill the requirement of mobility;

support for implementation and maintenance by the developer;

the ability of the system to develop.

All functional subsystems of CIS use common information and technical support. This means that it is necessary to create and organize the functioning of a complex of technical means and information resources in such a way as to solve all the tasks of functional subsystems in a timely manner.

In turn, the application system puts forward a number of requirements for the environment in which it operates. The environment for its functioning is a network operating system, operating systems on workstations, a database management system and a number of auxiliary subsystems that provide security functions, archiving, etc.

Topic 2. Information resources of corporate information systems

2.1 Organization information model

From the point of view of cybernetics, the system control process, as a directed impact on the elements of the system to achieve the goal, can be represented as an information process that connects the external environment, the object and the control system. At the same time, the external environment and the control object inform the control system about their state, the control system analyzes this information, generates a control action on the control object, responds to changes in the external environment and, if necessary, modifies the purpose and structure of the entire system (Fig. 2.1).

Figure 2.1 - Scheme of management of an economic object

The object and the control system are connected with each other and with the external environment through information flows - a set of circulating information both within the system and between the system and the external environment necessary for enterprise management. The information flow is characterized by the route of information movement from the source to the recipient, the direction of which is set by the addresses of the source and recipient of information; the amount of transmitted information and its components.

The following information flows (IP) can be distinguished:

The information flow from the external environment (1) to the control system, which can be divided into two components:

Regulatory information created by government agencies in the field of legislation;

Information about market conditions created by competitors, consumers, suppliers;

Information transmitted from the management system to the external environment (2): reporting information, primarily financial information to government agencies, investors, creditors, consumers; marketing information to potential consumers;

Information flow from the control system to the control object (3 - direct cybernetic connection) - a set of planned, regulatory and administrative information for the implementation of business processes;

Information from the control object to the control system (4 - cybernetic feedback) - accounting information about the state of the control object (raw materials, materials, monetary, energy, labor resources, finished products and services performed) as a result of the implementation of business processes.

CIS with these information flows connects three components together: the control object, the control system and the external environment, considering each of them both as a source and as a consumer of information.

CIS accumulates and processes incoming accounting information and existing standards and plans into analytical information that serves as the basis for predicting the development of the control object, adjusting its goals and creating plans for a new reproduction cycle.

The forms of manifestation of information flows can be reduced to the following types: paper document, electronic document, visual document (photos, film, television, etc.), verbal (oral) messages (conversation, radio, telephone), structured information from databases.

Like material, information flows are characterized by the source of occurrence, volume and quality indicators, transmission speed, rhythm, vector orientation, etc. In relation to the system, they are divided into: external and internal information flows. By destination - input and output information flows.

Data can be processed and moved in three ways: as it arises(stream); at regular intervals– information is accumulated, then processed and moved at predetermined time intervals; irregularly(as individual information sets emerge).

Therefore, the most important feature of the management process lies in its information nature.

From the point of view of information technology, the solution of any production or scientific problem is described by the following technological chain: real object - model - algorithm - program - results - real object. In this chain, the “model” link plays the most important role, as a necessary, obligatory stage in solving the problem. Under model in this case, some image of a real object (system) is understood, reflecting its essential properties and replacing the object in the process of solving the problem.

According to the form of presentation, the model can be classified into:

- verbal(text), described by sentences in a formalized natural language;

- mathematical based on formal languages, widely used mathematical methods;

- information, describing information processes (the emergence, transmission, transformation and use of information) in systems of the most diverse nature.

Within the framework of informatics as an independent science, a class of information models is distinguished. Informatics is also directly related to mathematical models, since they are the basis for using a computer in solving problems of various nature: a mathematical model of the process or phenomenon under study at a certain stage of the study is converted into a computer (computational) model, which then turns into an algorithm and a computer program.

A person in his activity deals with both real objects (objects, processes, phenomena) and with their various substitutes: material layouts, descriptions, drawings, diagrams, tables, computer programs, etc. Replacing one object with another, but retaining all the essential properties of the original object, is called modeling. , the replacement object itself is a model of the original object. The purpose of modeling is the purpose of the future model, i.e. those properties of the original object are determined, which will be reproduced in the model within the framework of the task.

information model- a set of information that characterizes the essential properties and states of an object, process, phenomenon, as well as the relationship with the outside world.

Building an information model is preceded by:

Identification of essential parts and properties of the object within the framework of the task;

Determining the relationship between the essential components in the simulated system;

Definition of its structure.

Information model properties:

1. Completeness;

2. Integrity and consistency;

4. Complexity;

5. Redundancy;

6. Architecture.

One of the most commonly used types of information models is the rectangular table. This type of model is used to describe a number of objects that have the same set of properties. With the help of tables, both static and dynamic information models in various subject areas can be built. The tabular representation of mathematical functions, statistical data, train and plane schedules, lessons, and so on is widely known.

Tabular information models are easiest to build and explore on a computer using spreadsheets and database management systems.

A group of objects that have the same properties is called object class. Within a class of objects, subclasses can be distinguished, the objects of which have some special properties, in turn, subclasses can be divided into even smaller groups, and so on. This process of organizing objects is called classification process.

In the process of classifying objects, information models are often built that have hierarchical structure. In biology, the entire animal world is considered as a hierarchical system (type, class, order, family, genus, species), in computer science a hierarchical file system is used, and so on.

Network Information Models are used to reflect systems with a complex structure, in which the connections between elements are of an arbitrary nature. For example, various regional parts of the global computer network Internet (American, European, Russian, Australian, and so on) are interconnected by high-speed communication lines. At the same time, some parts (for example, the American one) have direct connections with all regional parts of the Internet, while others can exchange information with each other only through the American part (for example, Russian and Australian). The connections between the vertices are two-way and therefore are depicted as non-directional lines ( ribs), and the graph itself is therefore called unoriented.

Information modeling is based on three main postulates:

everything is made up of elements;

elements have properties;

elements are related to each other.

The object to which these postulates apply can be represented by an information model.

Information models can be classified according to various criteria (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1 - Classification of information models

Classification sign	Description means
way of describing	- formal languages (for example, the language of mathematics, tables, programming languages, human natural language extension, etc.) - graphical (for example, flowcharts, diagrams, graphs, etc.)
purpose of creating	- classification (for example, tree-like, family tree, development of nature according to Darwin, folder tree in a computer) - dynamic (most often used to solve problems of management and forecasting)
the nature of the object being modeled	- deterministic (definite), when the laws by which the object changes or develops are known - probabilistic (the object has a probabilistic nature and is characterized by uncertainty)

Information as a control element and the subject of managerial work should provide a qualitative understanding of the tasks and the state of the managed and control systems and the development of models of their desired state.

The process of servicing information flows is the main task of information support of CIS, in which two levels of characteristics can be distinguished:

elemental- a set of data, features, forms and types of information carriers, their nomenclature;

systemic- relationships and dependencies between classification groups of information, implemented in the form of information models, in which the movement of information flows, their intensity and stability, information transformation algorithms and the document flow scheme corresponding to these objective conditions are studied.

For the formation of information support it is necessary:

a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

identification of the movement of information presented for analysis in the form of schemes of information flows, from the moment of occurrence and to its use at various levels of management;

availability and use of a classification and coding system;

possession of the methodology for creating conceptual information-logical models that reflect the relationship of information;

creation of information arrays on machine media, which requires modern technical support.

The creation of information support is based on the information model of the organization (enterprise).

For the analysis of information support, the selection of the following types of information is of the greatest importance (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2 - Classification of information

Classification sign	Types of information
The specifics of the described processes	production and economic, technical and technological, organizational, social, information on external economic relations
relation to managed object	external, internal
role in the management process	accounting, directive, regulatory, planning, analytical
degree of renewal and order of receipt	- constant, variable, long-term storage, operational, cyclic, periodic
degree of aggregation	simple, integrated, average, etc.
degree of conversion	primary, intermediate, final
processing specifics	accounting, statistical, operational and production, etc.

The information model is the foundation for the implementation of business solutions using modern technologies.

Characterizing information as a subject of labor in the management process, it is necessary to take into account a number of its features. Primarily, information is a long-term subject of labor. When used, it does not lose its consumer properties, although it is part of the finished product (management decision), constituting its substance. This feature of information suggests a certain specificity of its formation. The greatest amount of work and costs associated with the initial creation of information arrays - databases. Subsequently, the data is periodically updated, corrected, but continues to be used.

Information belongs to the objects of labor of a special kind also because it capable of self-development. Quantitative accumulation of information makes it possible to more clearly establish the development trend of the controlled object and to identify new relationships between individual classification groups of information. This allows us to formulate, as one of the most important principles for building an information system, obtaining the maximum derivative with a minimum of initial information.

information aging in a number of cases, it is associated with the loss of its value for specific conditions and purposes, but it can be “rejuvenated” and again acquires value with a change in conditions. Even retrospective information retains a certain usefulness as a basis for analyzing dynamics.

The information must be prepared for use. Depending on the degree of its preparedness, primary information can be distinguished as a set of data, indicators describing certain aspects of the process and its elements, secondary information that has undergone a certain ordering and classification.

In the process of organizing information, it is of fundamental importance to divide it into a conditionally constant, which plays the role of a normative reference and characterizes the process in statics, and a variable in dynamics. In this regard, information models can be divided into groups:

Information models of individual elements and local processes that describe the static state of the object;

Information models of dynamics characterizing the change of individual elements and processes;

Integrated information models that describe certain decisions and have an active focus.

The process of forming information support includes several stages:

Description of the state of the object, i.e. "physical photography", which involves the formation of a set of technical and economic indicators and parameters that characterize the control and managed systems and their corresponding classification;

Construction of directories and classifiers containing constant information, i.e. formation of private static models;

Reflection in information models of the dynamics of individual elements and processes. At the same time, a quantitative change involves the correction of information, and a qualitative change - its partial or complete restructuring;

Building an integrated information model that reflects the relationship and dynamics of local processes of the control object.

Currently, several methods of information support analysis are successfully used. They differ in the accepted characteristics of the amount of information (symbols, records, graph lines, documents, etc.), methods and analysis tools. The following methods can be considered the most developed:

Matrix modeling of data development processes;

- graph-analytical method research of information flows.

Description of information flows in the form of a tree-type graph;

- schemes information links of planned calculations;

- exploratory analysis control tasks, developed on the identification of "short" flows.

The most complete and detailed reflection and analysis of information flows can be obtained using information models that are developed as matrix models. In this case, various matrices are used - material processes and document flow, document flow and the composition of decisions and tasks at a specific level of management, for certain groups of tasks, for different levels of management, etc.

Most often, models in the form of matrices and graphs are used. Both of these modeling methods involve the allocation in the information system in the form of independent components of the initial, intermediate and final data. This allows them to be studied in isolation, which is of fundamental importance for studying the need for external and internal information.

Matrix models of circulating information flows can be built in various versions, but the basic ones are matrices with the dimension “document per document”, “indicator per indicator”. In this case, the documents can be considered as single blocks.

In their classical form, matrix models are designed to analyze classification relationships. But they are also acceptable for studying the main characteristics of the information support of the administrative apparatus, because they allow us to show various groupings of types and sources of information and contribute to a more complete identification of the actual provision and the possibility of improving tasks of various types.

The graphic-analytical method for studying information flows is based on the representation of their information graph and the analysis of its adjacency matrix. Graphs can be built at the document level, at the component level (initial, intermediate and external data) and at the synthetic level (initial and intermediate data, external and functional results).

Having graphs of the main tasks and procedures solved in the management process, one can obtain an adjacency matrix of graphs showing the relationship between tasks and documents used in management. The graph of each task and a specific level of control allows you to establish rational information continuity, the possibility of using intermediate and final results of this task for others.

The structural graph can be used to calculate the amount of information.

Ensuring rational connections between sources and receivers of information and ways of its circulation is one of the indispensable conditions for the effective functioning of the management system. The relative constancy of the interdependencies of structural divisions makes it possible to choose a rational structure of information flow paths and the most effective technical means for each communication channel.

2.1 CIS Information Resources

Informational resources- individual documents and individual arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems).

If we consider information resources from the point of view of their belonging to the relevant services of the enterprise (organization), then the tasks they perform can be summarized in the presented table 4.

Table 2.3 - The role of information resources in the management of the organization

Management levels and services	Tasks to be solved
Enterprise management	providing reliable information about the financial condition of the company at the current moment and preparing a forecast for the future; ensuring control over the work of enterprise services; ensuring clear coordination of work and resources; providing operational information about negative trends, their causes and possible measures to correct the situation; formation of a complete picture of the cost of the final product (service) by cost components
Financial and accounting services	full control over the movement of funds; implementation of accounting policies required by management; prompt determination of receivables and payables; control over the implementation of contracts, estimates and plans; control over financial discipline; tracking the movement of commodity and material flows; prompt receipt of a complete set of financial statements
Production Management	control over the fulfillment of production orders; control over the state of production facilities; control over technological discipline; maintaining documents to accompany production orders (fence maps, route maps); prompt determination of the actual cost of production orders
Marketing Services	control over the promotion of new products on the market; analysis of the sales market in order to expand it; maintaining sales statistics; information support of the price and discount policy; using the database of standard letters for mailing; control over the fulfillment of deliveries to the customer on time while optimizing transportation costs
Sales and Supply Services	maintenance of databases of goods, products, services; planning delivery times and transportation costs; optimization of transport routes and methods of transportation; computerized contract management
Warehouse accounting services	management of a multi-link structure of warehouses; operational search for goods (products) in warehouses; optimal placement in warehouses, taking into account storage conditions; management of receipts taking into account quality control; inventory

As a result of the application of information technologies to information resources, some new information or information in a new form is created. These information system products are called information products and services.

Information service– activities to search for, receive, store, process, distribute and (or) provide information.

Information intermediary- a citizen, individual entrepreneur or legal entity providing information services to owners and (or) users of information.

Information Relations- relations arising in the process of collecting, searching, transmitting, receiving, storing, processing, accumulating, using, distributing and (or) providing information, as well as protecting it using information technologies, systems and networks.

information product - some information content in the form of a set of data, formed by the manufacturer for distribution in tangible and intangible form, is provided for use by the consumer.

The main sources of obtaining information about the current management organization and its development trends are currently the following:

reporting data - make it possible to identify the number and composition of employees employed in the management apparatus, the amount of management costs, the cost of organizational and computer equipment;

directive documentation - orders, instructions, minutes of meetings, materials on performance verification, reports of individual departments, etc.;

special surveys - represent generalized information based on the results of the analysis, for example, analysis of the workload of material and material elements of the management system; conducting special surveys of employees of the management apparatus or the team of the relevant unit of the managed facility.

These sources of information are not mutually exclusive. They should be combined, complementary and enriching the material obtained by different methods.

Corporate IS is usually considered as a certain set of decisions and components of their implementation, among which a prerequisite is single information storage base. Therefore, in relation to information resources, the information system should:

allow to accumulate certain experience and knowledge, generalize them in the form of formalized procedures and solution algorithms;

constantly improve and develop;

quickly adapt to changes in the external environment and new needs of the organization;

meet the urgent requirements of a person, his experience, knowledge, psychology.

Information resources are classified on the placement of the source of information(the source of information is located within the organization or it is external in relation to it), by destination.

External information includes:

Market Information - market size and growth, purchasing power, consumer habits, demand and behavior, market share, competitor information – is a commodity for firms, advertising agencies, banks, specialized companies engaged in market research.

Information about competitors - sometimes considered as part of market information. But it deserves separate consideration because it can influence strategic decision making even if market conditions are not directly taken into account. Companies may, for example, be interested in where competitors find sources of raw materials and specialists in order to compete for these sources or retain existing ones. Accurate information about competitors is difficult to obtain, and this area has come under scrutiny due to unethical practices by some companies such as industrial espionage.

Macroeconomic and geopolitical information - this type of information rarely directly impacts companies, but can play a decisive role in developing a long-term strategy.

Supplier Information usually focuses on aspects such as cost, reliability, quality and delivery time.

External financial information - exchange rates, share price dynamics, movement in the capital market, etc.

Information about regulation and taxation.

Internal information:

Production Information - production efficiency and productivity, costs, production waste and quality.

Information about labor resources - staff training, skill levels, staff morale and staffing costs.

Internal financial information - information from the balance sheet on profits and costs, property and liabilities, financial performance of the enterprise (P / E ratio - the ratio of the market price of a share to its income, the ratio of wages to gross revenue, performance indicators, etc.).

Information within an organization is distributed across multiple computers and stored in a variety of files, reports, and e-mail messages. Therefore, the most important task of a corporate information system is to organize access to all information. Many organizations create intranets with internal web servers for employees to access a variety of information. By linking to corporate databases, file servers, and document repositories, Web servers provide company employees with a wide variety of information through a single interface—a familiar Web browser.

Corporate information systems based on Intranet technology make it possible to create an information infrastructure of a corporation by combining various information resources and providing uniform access to them.

The information infrastructure of a corporation may include the following: types of information resources:

A hypertext document is not only displayed and used for navigation, but also maintains a dialogue with the user, if necessary - entering data in an electronic form with their transfer to the server. The user can send arbitrary files to the server. Hypertext pages can be dynamically generated using data from other resources. A hypermedia document is dynamic in nature, but the flow of information is usually unidirectional, associated with the playback of audio, video, and other multimedia files. Backflow is limited to navigation and playback controls.

Office documents are texts, electronic documents, plans, etc., prepared using office automation packages or group work. Access to this information can be provided either in read mode (using viewers), or full access with the ability to edit in the environment where the document was created. In addition to navigation using hypertext, it is possible to organize a contextual search for documents.

Graphic information is displayed as static illustrations, animations or 3D virtual reality scenes. To perform navigation with the image or its parts, hyperlinks are associated, in addition, it is possible to change virtual scenes.

Document and program archive files are available on FTP and Gopher servers. The user can select the desired information and receive it from the server upon request. Files can also be downloaded from web servers.

E-mail messages are an information resource stored in mailboxes and public folders. They form bidirectional streams - messages can be sent and received. However, data collection using mail is more common. Public folders typically host discussions, FAQs, meeting plans, and other group activities.

News is a dynamically changing resource organized on the basis of external or internal (corporate) channels (not yet widely used). News is displayed on demand or in a creeping line mode. The dissemination of information is carried out by channel polling or broadcasting, often requires a subscription to the required news.

Databases do not have direct Internet/Intranet support. The database is accessed and maintained through server or client applications. At the same time, requests for search and data entry are made in the form of HTML forms.

The data warehouse may have a different implementation (relational multidimensional database, a set of ODBC data sources), but is intended for the purposes of online analytical data processing. Storage access is organized similarly to database access.

To maintain the listed information resources and organize flows between clients and servers, various tools are used to develop, operate and maintain Internet/Intranet applications.

The main problems associated with information resources can be divided into the following groups:

Regulatory Issues. Information resources used within the corporate information system must be protected by the relevant regulatory legal acts that determine the status of IP. The safety and efficiency of the latter depends on their correctness and coverage of all emerging problems when using information resources.

Financial difficulties arise in connection with the need to take into account the costs of collecting, registering, storing, processing information resources and access to them. Usually government information is distributed at copying prices, the cost of corporate information resources that are the property of the enterprise is determined by the owner himself. Currently, there is a downward trend in the share of free information and an increase in paid information, and paid information is usually provided at contractual prices. There are very few government price lists for information services. Thus, there is a clear commercialization of the state information resource. In fact, only libraries and, in part, archives retain a real free service.

The problem of information availability is closely related to its protection.

A responsibility - the distribution of responsibility for the storage and use of information resources helps to avoid many intra-corporate conflicts related to access to information, its safety, updating, confidentiality, transfer, etc.

The problem of accounting for information resources. The right of access to information resources is one of the main tasks for ensuring information security. This right is enshrined in dozens of general and special norms of various laws, including the basic law "On Informatization, Informatization and Information Protection" and many others. However, the implementation of these norms related to openness and accessibility of information resources largely depends on the interpretation of the general norms of various departments and structures, various systems, and apparatuses. The main problem is that you need to know what resources should be opened and under what conditions. That is, the concept of openness should go through the appropriate accounting mechanism, should be regulated in two directions.

Topic 3. Technical support of CIS

Lecture topic 1: Business and information technologies. Enterprise Architecture Basic Definitions.

Target: Consider the concepts of business architecture and enterprise IT architecture; show that the architecture of information technology is an integral element of the architecture of the entire enterprise and depends on its goals and objectives, development strategy, and the current model of business processes. To acquaint students with the varieties of IT architecture of the enterprise. Consider management functions in the structure of information systems

Tasks: mastering the basic theoretical concepts and practical purpose according to the goal.

Lesson type: lecture with elements of demonstration and dialogue.

Visual aids of the lecture: slide presentation developed with MS Office PowerPoint 2003 under Windows XP

Technical training aids: projector, PC of the Intel XX86 family.

Lesson plan:

Tasks, goals, content of the process of modeling the architecture of an enterprise information system. Informatization object processes in the context of information technology.

General Structure of the Enterprise Architecture Model

Classification of corporate information systems.

Identification of the concept of Enterprise in the field of information systems design as an object of implementation. EIS (Enterprisei nformation system) and MIS (Management information system) in terms of modeling the architecture of an enterprise information system and its business processes.

Approaches in the construction of architecture. Enterprise Architecture Components

Matrix of consistent models in architectures.

Main:

Information systems in economics: Textbook/; Ed. A.N. Romanova, B.E. Odintsov. - 2nd ed.; revised and additional - M.: Vuzovsky textbook, 2010. - 411s. - (University textbook).

Information systems in economics: a textbook for university students studying economics and specialties in economics and management (060000) / Ed. G.A. Titorenko - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M: UNITI-DANA, 2006. - 463 p.

Karamov O. G. Business planning. Educational and practical guide - M .: Eurasian Open Institute, 2010. http://old.biblioclub.ru/book/90809/

Tasks, goals, content of the process of modeling the architecture of an enterprise information system.Informatization object processes in the context of information technology.

Information technology (IT) is rapidly becoming the main technological mode of modern technogenic civilization. There is no doubt that today business activity is inseparable from information technology; moreover, it often directly depends on the reliable operation of information systems (IS). The understanding came that the IT service is the same business unit of the company as, for example, the securities department, and the efficiency of the rest of the company's employees depends on the professionalism of IT specialists.

The concept of "business architecture" is closely related to the structure of the enterprise, its industry affiliation, production orientation and other characteristics. As a result, a broad understanding of the architecture of the enterprise as a whole began to gradually form, inextricably linked primarily with the information technologies used and, in particular, with information systems.

Modern information systems provide the ability to work effectively with various types of data and thus create new resources - high-quality management information, thereby determining a new systemic quality of the enterprise. Management information is not only primary documents and financial reports. This is information about the structure of the company and the business processes taking place in it, the distribution of duties and responsibilities for decision-making, business goals, information about everything that can affect the business.

Information systems are not just a "technological business substrate". For many companies, information technology has become a tool that has become an integral part of their operations. Any failure of information systems in such companies entails significant monetary losses.

The historically established way of building IT departments fully reflects the structure of the information systems used. At the same time, each specific unit supports a certain information system. With this approach, as a rule, there is no effective system of interaction with business users and there are problems with determining the quality of the services provided.

Along with the first information systems, there was a need to manage corporate infrastructure. The first IT infrastructure management systems provided monitoring of network infrastructure over the protocol SNMP and maintain the health of the enterprise network environment.

Along with new technologies for monitoring and managing information systems, new methods have come to optimize and evaluate the business processes of the IT department. The most famous and currently popular methods in this area: "IT Service Management"(IT Service Management, ITSM) and "IT Infrastructure Library" (Information Technology Infrastructure Library, ITIL).

Under information technology in companies usually understand a set of information systems that provide support and automation of existing business processes.

Information technology is a system of organizational structures that ensure the functioning and development of the information space of the enterprise and the means of information interaction. The basis of information technology is the IT infrastructure.

One of the conditions for the effective functioning of the IT infrastructure is the established practice of its operation. The operation of the IT infrastructure should be based on policies and procedures developed and established as corporate standards. Maintenance- this is a set of measures of the software and hardware level, carried out at the stage of production operation and aimed at ensuring the required reliability and efficiency of the information system.

At present, the following a group of tasks solved by the IT department:

Ensuring efficiency, accessibility, confidentiality of processed information.

Ensuring the operation of the IT infrastructure.

Prevention and elimination of failures.

Crisis planning and management.

Providing automatic monitoring of IT health.

Ensuring the reliability of the IT infrastructure.

Ensuring information security.

Modernization of equipment.

Minimize the cost of maintaining the IT infrastructure.

General Structure of the Enterprise Architecture Model

Under the enterprise architecture (Enterprise Architecture, EA) usually understood as a complete description (model) of the structure of an enterprise as a system, including a description of the key elements of this system, the links between them.

The enterprise architecture defines the overall structure and function of systems (business and IT) throughout the organization as a whole (including partners and other organizations that form the so-called "real-time enterprise") and provides a common framework (framework), standards and guidelines for architecture level individual projects.

The Enterprise Architecture Model proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), shown in the figure, can be used as a starting point for representing the basic scheme.

Drawing. Diagram of the architecture of a computerized enterprise according to NIST (HW-hardware-hardware, SW-software-software).

The enterprise architecture describes the activities of the company from two main positions:

A business architecture describes an enterprise in logical terms such as interacting business processes and business rules, required information, structure, and information flows.

Information technology architecture describes an enterprise in terms of technical concepts such as hardware, software, security, and security.

Documenting and optimizing the information technology architecture reduces the complexity of information systems and facilitates their integration. Optimization of the company's business processes and optimization of the functionality of information systems used to automate business processes increase the flow of investment in information technology. Enterprise Architecture primarily integrates information technology architecture and business architecture into a single entity, providing a comprehensive view of both existing areas.

Enterprise architecture links information technology, enterprise business needs, strategic business planning processes, applied information systems and their support processes.

At the same time, the architecture of the enterprise is inextricably linked with the main work processes:

Development of strategy and planning at the enterprise level;

Corporate project management.

Information technology portfolio management (Business and IT Portfolio Management) is an investment management process in the field of IT project management. A portfolio is understood as a set of projects carried out on a common pool of resources (finance, people, equipment, materials, energy); at the same time, the pool of resources and the results of all portfolio projects are in the competence of one responsibility center.

An enterprise architecture is one of the elements of IT portfolio management and provides information about business processes and the technologies needed to automate them. The enterprise architecture not only serves as the basis for developing a portfolio of assets, but also provides the entire lifecycle of many IT assets.

Any enterprise requires the systematic development of its structure, business processes, information systems and their integration with each other. The architecture of the enterprise is actually a plan for the development of the enterprise ( target architecture) and a documented scheme of what is happening in the company at the current moment ( current architecture).

Current architecture(Current Architecture) describes the current state of the enterprise architecture. Also called the "as is" architecture, or the baseline of an existing architecture.

The current architecture is a reflection of objective reality, including existing components (business processes, information systems, technological elements) and their connections. This is a set of models with inevitable simplifications, limitations and subjective distortions.

Target architecture(Target Architecture) describes the desired future state of the enterprise or "what should be formed". In other words, the target architecture is the future model of the enterprise.

The target architecture can be called an ideal enterprise model, which is based on:

Strategic requirements for business processes and information technology;

Information about identified "bottlenecks" and ways to eliminate them;

Analysis of technological trends and business environment of the enterprise.

The target architecture and the current architecture allow you to describe the initial and final state of the enterprise - before and after making changes to its structure, leaving the process of change itself unattended.

The process of transition from the current enterprise architecture to the target one takes the enterprise to a new spiral of development, and thus we can say that the enterprise architecture is characterized by a certain life cycle, similar to the life cycle of information systems.

Modern approaches to building enterprise architecture traditionally divide it into several layers (subject areas). The number of architectural layers varies in different techniques. Below we will consider the layers used in most of the existing techniques:

Strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise.

Enterprise business architecture.

Information technology architecture (enterprise IT architecture), including:

– information architecture (Enterprise Information Architecture);

– architecture of applied solutions (Enterprise Solution Architecture);

– technological architecture (Enterprise Technical Architecture).

The strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise determine the main directions of development and set long-term goals and objectives. When developing the strategic goals of an enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the impact of information technology on the formation of the image of a modern enterprise. In the course of developing the strategic goals of the enterprise, an information technology development strategy is also formed (modernized).

Business strategy determines the direction of business development in accordance with the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, and answers the question why the enterprise should develop in this direction. Business strategy includes:

Goals and objectives facing the enterprise;

Business decisions necessary to achieve the goals and objectives;

Changes that need to be made to achieve the goals and objectives.

IT strategy determines the direction of information technology development in accordance with the goals, objectives and business strategy of the enterprise and how the business strategy can be implemented. IT strategy includes:

Projects that can be launched to fulfill the business strategy;

Options for solving current tasks and problems;

Technologies that can be used to achieve your goals.

Business architecture of the enterprise (Enterprise Business Architecture, EBA)- this is the target construction of the organizational structure of the enterprise, linked to its mission, strategy, business goals. In the course of building a business architecture, the necessary business processes, information and material flows, as well as the organizational and staffing structure are determined.

Business architecture, as a rule, is understood as a set of models of business processes, organizational, cultural and social areas of an enterprise. It takes into account the profile of the enterprise, its goals, options for implementing business processes. The architecture of business processes is determined by the main functions of the organization and may change under the influence of the external environment.

The business architecture of an enterprise is inextricably linked with the process of its management. Under the management of the enterprise is usually understood as the activities of the company, taking into account changes in the surrounding economic and social environment. The management personnel allocates financial, labor and material resources for the most effective achievement of the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise.

During the development of business architecture, various models of building an enterprise that correspond to the strategy of its development are considered in detail. Business architecture models can be divided into three classes: classical (reference), specialized and specific.

Enterprise IT architecture, or, in other words, information technology architecture, is a set of technical and technological solutions for ensuring the effective functioning of enterprise business processes in accordance with the rules and concepts defined by the business architecture.

The overall IT architecture should include both logical and technical components. A logical architecture provides a high-level description of an enterprise's mission, its functional and information requirements, system components, and information flows between these components. The technical architecture defines the specific standards and rules that will be used to implement the logical architecture.

Traditionally, the IT architecture of an enterprise is presented in the form of three interconnected components.:

Enterprise Information Architecture (EIA) - information architecture;

Enterprise Solution Architecture (ESA) - architecture of applied solutions;

Enterprise Technical Architecture (ETA) - technical architecture.

During the development of the enterprise architecture, a model is created that includes information about its production processes, information and material flows, resources and organizational units. At the same time, the IT architecture model directly depends on the role played by information systems in the enterprise: strategic (focused on the implementation of existing strategies and operations), shifting (a tool to increase business efficiency), supporting (IS does not play a special role in the functioning of the enterprise), factory (IS is an indispensable element that ensures the functioning of the business).

Information architecture (Enterprise Information Architecture, EIA), or information architecture, is (from the point of view of Meta Group analysts) a managed set of techniques that describes the information model of an enterprise and includes:

Databases and data warehouses;

Information flows (both within the organization and communication with the outside world).

The information architecture of an enterprise can be conditionally called the level of data flows. But when building the information architecture of an enterprise, there is no need to create models of all types of data used in the enterprise. It is enough to ensure the selection of the most important (critical for the enterprise) data and model them at a high level of abstraction.

Application solutions architecture (Enterprise Solution Architecture, ESA), or, in other words, application architecture, includes a set of software products and interfaces between them.

The architecture of applied solutions is divided into two areas:

Area of development of applied systems;

Application systems portfolio.

The field of applied systems development describes the technological part of the architecture of applied solutions and includes software products; data models; interfaces; user interfaces.

The field of application systems development is the technical description of specific applications. Accordingly, information about these modules is easiest to represent in the form of the following two diagrams:

Components and structure of the system - the internal structure of the system, including information about program modules and databases;

Interaction with other systems (interfaces) - describes the interaction of the application with external objects (software products, users).

Enterprise technical architecture(Enterprise Technical Architecture, ETA) is a set of software and hardware, methods and standards that ensure the efficient functioning of applications. In other words, by technical architecture we mean a complete description of the enterprise infrastructure, including:

Information about the infrastructure of the enterprise;

System software (DBMS, integration systems);

Standards for software and hardware;

Security tools (software and hardware);

Infrastructure management systems.

The technical architecture of an enterprise can be visualized as a collection of architectural diagrams of applications used in an enterprise. Visually, the technical architecture of the application, in turn, can be represented as a diagram that includes information about servers, system components, standards (used in this application) and the relationship between them.

For the purposes of systems analysis, the architecture of an enterprise can be considered in two aspects:

static - according to the state of the bank at some fixed point in time;

dynamic - as a process of transition (migration) of the bank from the current state to some desired state in the future.

The enterprise architecture considered in statics consists of the following elements:

mission and strategy, strategic goals and objectives;

business architecture;

system architecture.

Considered in dynamics, an enterprise architecture is a logically connected whole plan of actions and coordinated projects necessary to transform the existing architecture of an organization to a state defined as a long-term goal, based on the current and planned business goals and business processes of the organization.

Thus, the architecture of the enterprise in the general case is described by the following successively dependent sections (see Fig. 2):

formulated mission and strategy of the bank, strategic goals and objectives;

business architecture in the current (as is) and planned (to be) state,

system architecture in the current (as is) and planned (to be) state;

action plans and projects for the transition from the current state to the planned one.

Rice. 2. Cyclical development of enterprise architecture

On fig. 2 shows that the implementation of the migration plan does not mean a freeze in the development of business and system architecture

The system (enterprise) architecture represents the strategic information framework that defines:

business structure;

information necessary to conduct that business;

technologies used to support business operations;

transient processes of transformation, development, which are necessary for the implementation of new technologies in response to the emergence of new changing business needs.

Thus, the architecture of the system (enterprise) is a model of the main location and relationships of the internal parts of the system (physical or conceptual object or entity).

The enterprise architecture is fully described by the following entities (see Figure 3):

Classification of corporate information systems

- the most important component of the modern information infrastructure of a complex organization, since the need for an information system is typical only for organizations with a high degree of complexity - a significant number of departments and numerous areas of activity.

A corporate information system (CIS) is a set of software and hardware tools that support the organization's business processes.

The concept of corporate information systems originates from

concepts of domestic automated systems (AS - automated system, ACS - automated control system, APCS - automated enterprise management system, ISUP - integrated enterprise management system), and from foreign class systems MRP, ERP etc.

However, after the introduction of the latter, abbreviations like "ASUP" practically ceased to be used, giving way to the common abbreviation "KIS". Despite this, there is no generally accepted definition of a corporate information system (unlike automated control systems, automated control systems, which were defined by GOST 34.003-90).

In general terms, we can give some basic features of CIS:

compliance with the information and management needs of the enterprise, its business;

consistency with the adopted management system and organizational culture of the enterprise;

integration;

openness and scalability.

Corporate information system is an open integrated real-time automated system for automating the business processes of an enterprise, including the processes of developing and making managerial decisions.

In general, any information system can be called corporate if it covers all the necessary areas of management and business processes of the enterprise.

The process of evolution of automated systems has formed a number of requirements for the developed CIS.

1. Complexity and consistency. CIS should cover all levels of enterprise management as a whole (from a large division to a specific workplace), as well as taking into account its branches, subsidiaries, service centers and representative offices. After all, the very production and distribution of goods, from the point of view of computer science, is a continuous process of generating, processing, changing, storing and disseminating information. Each workplace is a node that consumes and generates certain information. All such nodes are interconnected by information flows embodied in the form of documents, messages, orders, actions, etc. Thus, a functioning enterprise can be represented as an information-logical model consisting of nodes and links between them. Such a model should cover all aspects of the enterprise's activity, should be logically justified and aimed at identifying mechanisms for achieving the main goal of entrepreneurship in a market environment - generating income and maximizing profit, which implies the requirement of consistency.

2. Modularity of construction. The information in such an information-logical model is of a distributed nature and can be quite strictly structured at each node and in each thread. Nodes and flows, in turn, can be conditionally (or explicitly) grouped into subsystems. Then the modularity of the construction allows parallelizing, facilitating and, accordingly, accelerating the process of installation, training of personnel and launching the system into commercial operation.

3. Openness- this requirement is of particular importance, given that automation is not limited to management, but also covers such tasks as design and maintenance, technological processes, internal and external document management, communication with external information systems (for example, the Internet), security systems etc.

4. Adaptability. Any enterprise does not exist in a closed space, but in a world of constantly changing supply and demand, requiring a flexible response to the market situation, which can sometimes be associated with a significant change in the structure of the enterprise and the range of products or services provided. This means that the EIS should be flexibly adjusted in connection with changes in the enterprise itself and in its external environment. It is desirable that, in addition to customization tools, the system also has development tools - a toolkit with which programmers and the most qualified users of the enterprise can independently create the components they need, which would be organically integrated into the existing system.

5. Reliability. When the CIS is operated in industrial mode, it becomes an indispensable component of a functioning enterprise, capable of stalling the entire production process in the event of an emergency stop and inflicting huge losses. Therefore, one of the most important requirements for such a system is the continuity of its functioning as a whole, even in conditions of partial failure of individual elements due to unforeseen and insurmountable reasons.

6. Safety. This requirement includes several aspects:

Data loss protection. This aspect is implemented mainly at the organizational, hardware and system levels, i.e. at the level of the operating environment.

Preservation of data integrity and consistency. The application system must keep track of changes in interdependent documents and provide versioning and generation management of data sets.

Prevent unauthorized access to data within the system. These tasks are solved in a complex way both by organizational measures and at the level of operating and applied systems. In particular, application components must have advanced administrative tools that allow restricting access to data and system functionality depending on the user's status, as well as monitoring user actions.

Prevent unauthorized access to data from outside.

The solution to this part of the problem falls mainly on the hardware and operating environment of the CIS operation and requires a number of administrative and organizational measures.

7. Scalability. An enterprise that operates successfully and receives sufficient profit tends to grow, form subsidiaries, branches and representative offices, which during the operation of the CIS may require an increase in the number of workstations, an increase in the volume of stored and processed information. In addition, for companies such as holdings and large corporations, it should be possible to use the same management technology both at the level of the parent enterprise and at the level of any, even a small, member of it.

8. Mobility. At a certain stage of enterprise development, the growth of requirements for system performance and resources may require a transition to a more productive software and hardware platform.

10. Easy to learn- this requirement implies not only the use of an intuitive program interface, but also the availability of detailed and well-structured documentation, the possibility of training personnel in specialized courses and internships for responsible specialists at related enterprises where this system is already in operation.

11. Developer support- includes a number of opportunities, such as obtaining new versions of software for free or at a significant discount, obtaining additional methodological literature, hotline consultations, obtaining information about other software products of the developer, etc.

12. Escort. During the operation of complex software and hardware systems, situations may arise that require the prompt intervention of qualified personnel of the developer company or its representative on site.

CIS classification may be based on the evolution of their development. So, until the 60s of the XX century, the function of information systems was simple: interactive processing of requests, storage of records, accounting and other electronic data processing (EDP).

Pozzhe, because c poyavleniem kontseptsii yppavlencheckix infopmatsionnyx cictem (management information systems - MIS), was dobavlena function nappavlennaya on obecpechenie menedzhepov neobxodimymi for making yppavlencheckix pesheny otchetami, coctavlennymi on ocnove cobpannyx o ppotsecce dannyx (information reporting systems).

In the 70s, it became obvious that the rigidly defined forms of the results of the reporting systems did not meet the requirements of managers. Then the concept of decision support systems (DDS) appeared. These systems were supposed to provide managers with specialized and interactive support for the processes of making unique solutions to problems in a real, rapidly changing world.

In the 80s, the development of power (speed) of microcomputers, application software packages and telecommunication networks gave impetus to the emergence of the phenomenon of end user (user computing). With etogo passed since you konechnye polzovateli (menedzhepy) polychili vozmozhnoct camoctoyatelno icpolzovat vychiclitelnye pecypcy for pesheniya zadach, cvyazannyx c THEIR ppofeccionalnoy deyatelnoctyu, ne zavicya From pocpednichectva cpetsializipovannyx infopmatsionnyx clyzhb.

With ponimaniem togo chto bolshinctvo menedzhepov vycshego ypovnya ne icpolzyyut nepocpedctvenno pezyltaty paboty cictem podgotovki otchetov or cictem poddepzhki ppinyato pesheny, poyavilac kontseptsiya (executive information systems - EIS). These systems should provide superior guidance on information vital to them, primarily about the outside world, at the moment when they need it and in the format that they

prefer.

A major achievement was the creation and application of systems and methods

artificial intelligence(artificial intelligence - AI) in information systems.

Expert systems(expert systems - ES) and knowledge-based systems have defined a new role for information systems.

Appeared in 1980 and continued to develop in the 90s, the concept of the strategic role of information systems, sometimes called strategic information systems(strategic information systems – SIS).

Industrial information systems include the category of transaction processing systems (transaction processing systems - TPS). Transaction processing systems register process data. Typical examples- information systems that register sales, purchases, and changes in status. The results of such registration are used to update customer, inventory and other organizational databases.

Process control systems make the simplest decisions necessary to manage production processes. These include the category of information systems called process control systems (process control systems - PCS), which automatically make decisions that regulate the physical process of production. For example, refineries and automated assembly lines use such systems. They control the physical processes, process the data collected by the sensors, and control the process in real time.

Office automation systems(office automation systems - OAS) collect, process, store and transmit information in the form of electronic documents. These automated systems use special methods of text processing, data transmission and other information technologies to increase the efficiency of the office.

Information systems, designed to provide managers with information to support the adoption of effective decisions, are called management information systems(management information systems - MIS). The most important for us are three main types of management information systems: reporting systems, decision support systems, strategic decision support systems.

XicTeweGenepationsoPMeTov(information reporting systems - IRS) - it

the most common form of management information systems.

They provide managers with the information they need to meet their daily decision-making needs. They produce and format various types of reports, the information content of which is determined in advance by the managers themselves so that in

they had only the information they needed.

XicTewe poddepzhe ppacceptancespeweny(decision support systems - DSS) is a natural development of report generation systems and transaction processing systems. Decision support systems are interactive computer information systems that use decision models and specialized databases to help managers make management decisions. When using DSS, managers explore possible alternatives and obtain trial information based on a set of alternative assumptions. Therefore, there is no need for managers to determine their information needs in advance. Instead, DSS interactively helps them find the information they need.

Strategic Decision Support Systems(executive information systems - EIS) are management information systems adapted to the strategic information needs of top management. Top management obtains the information it needs from many sources, including letters, memos, periodicals, and reports prepared by hand and computer systems.

At the forefront of the development of information systems are achievements in the field artificial intelligence(artificial intelligence - AI). Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science whose goal is to develop systems that can think, as well as see, hear, speak and feel. For example, AI projects, including the development of native computer interfaces, have accelerated the development of industrial robots and intelligent software. The main impetus for this is the development of computer functions, usually associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, studying and solving problems.

One of the most practical application programs: AI– development expert systems(expert systems - ES). Expert system - knowledge-based information system; that is, she uses knowledge of a particular area in order to act as an experienced consultant. The components of an expert system are knowledge bases and software modules that perform logical conclusions based on existing knowledge and offer answers to questions.

Expert systems are used in many areas of activity,

including medicine, engineering, physics and business. For example, expert systems now help diagnose diseases, look for minerals, analyze compositions, recommend repairs and make financial planning.

End User Systems ( end user computer systems) - kompyutepnye infopmatsionnye cictemy, kotopye nepocpedctvenno poddepzhivayut opepativnye kak tak and yppavlencheckie fynktsii konechnyx polzovateley, nepocpedctvenno icpolzyyuschih infopmatsionnye pecypcy vmecto kocvennogo THEIR icpolzovaniya, DURING pomoschi ppofeccionalnyx pecypcov otdela infopmatsionnyx clyzhb opganizatsii. Konechnye polzovateli infopmatsionnyx cictem, HOW ppavilo, icpolzyyut avtomatizipovannye pabochie mecta and pakety ppikladnyx ppogpamm for poddepzhki cvoey povcednevnoy deyatelnocti, takoy, HOW poick infopmatsii, poddepzhki ppinyato pesheniya and pazpabotki ppilozheny.

The most common types of CIS:

CRP (Capacity Requirements Planning) - systems that implement the basic functions of production management.

FRP (Finance Requirements Planning) - systems that implement only planning and budgeting technologies.

MRP (Material Requirements Planning) - systems specially developed for the needs of material resource management, primarily

queue - supplies.

MRP-II (Manufacturing Resources Planning) - integrated financial planning and production management systems.

MPS (Master Planning Schedule) - systems focused on most types of planning, not only financial, but also production, sales planning, etc.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management) - systems focused not only on customer service in connection with the product, but also on any type of customer service.

SCM (Supply Chain Management) - logistics systems.

ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning) are complex systems that implement most business processes without a pronounced dominant of any direction, but with the ability to "fine tune" to the needs of a particular enterprise. As a rule, they take into account the possibility of both end-to-end and operational control, which makes them extremely convenient for use by top management. Currently, it is the most common and popular type of CIS.

Reference legal information systems. This type of systems is usually considered separately from CIS, but the frequency of use of such systems in the context of informatization of business processes allows us to classify them as relevant additions to CIS.

Identification of the concept of Enterprise in the field of information systems design as an object of implementation. EIS (Enterprise Information System) and MIS (Managementinformation system)in the aspect of modeling the architecture of an enterprise information system and its business processes.

Under corporate information system (CIS or EIS - Enterprise Information System) understand an enterprise-wide information system.

Corporate information system (CIS, EIS - Executive Information System) is a strategic IS, which is a set of hardware and software tools that implement ideas and methods for automating all enterprise management functions. Such an IS is multi-user, operates in a distributed computing network.

CIS specialization- monitoring of events and trends, both internal and external. With more timely and broader information and the right tools, top-level managers are better prepared to make strategic changes to exploit organizational opportunities and fix problems.

Example. Presentation #1

Figure - Structural diagram of the relationship of terms

Corporate systems cover all financial, economic and production activities of the enterprise, incl. having branches and subsidiaries that are part of holding companies and concerns.

Distinctive features of corporate systems:

Automate the workflow of the enterprise

Documents are automatically transferred from one performer to another or for the signature of the head, while the possibility of misdirection, forgetting or loss of documents is reduced to zero. The system controls the deadlines for the execution of work and issues reminders to responsible performers.

Business processes are modelled. Thinking over the introduction of a new business process, the manager describes it in his CIS, determining at the same time which documents are involved in the process and which of the specialists is responsible for actions with these documents. Further, the system will not allow personnel to make mistakes or violate work technology.

Removed intra-company barriers

To ensure simultaneous coordinated work of users in CIS, client/server technology is used.

5. Approaches in building architecture. Enterprise Architecture Components

Three possible architecture approaches.

1) Standard approach. In this approach, a general scheme and rules are first developed for the future description of the architecture. Then the whole current base is described, and after that the whole target architecture is presented. Only after this begins the design, acquisition, implementation of systems.

This approach requires significant initial investments - financial and time, on the one hand. On the other hand, this approach can lead to what is called analysis paralysis.

2) Approach "status quo". Development is seen as a response to certain emerging difficulties.

3) Segment approach. This approach relies on a model of developing architecture segments within a common structured schema. It focuses on the main areas of the business (for example, the financial management system, human resources, management documentation support, etc.). In order to reduce possible risks, reduce initial costs and achieve a quick return on the project, a segment approach is used.

Allocate the following set of architecture components.

Engines of architecture(Architecture Drivers) reflect external incentives for architecture change: business incentives and technical incentives.

New legislation, new administration initiatives, appropriations to accelerate the development of certain areas, market forces can act as business incentives.

New and improved software, computer hardware and their combinations can act as technical engines.

Strategic Direction(Strategic Direction) - a guide for the development of the target architecture, which contains the vision of the mission of the enterprise, the principles of its construction, the goals and objects of the enterprise.

Current architecture(Carrent Architecture) defines enterprise architectures "as is" and consists of two parts: the current business architecture and the technical architecture (data, applications and technologies). It reflects the current capabilities and technologies, and also serves as an object for further expansion.

Target architecture(Target Architecture) defines the enterprise architecture "how it should be built" and consists of two parts: the target business architecture and the technical architecture (i.e. data, applications and technologies). It represents future capabilities and technologies that result from improved design to support changing business needs.

Transients(Transitional Processes) support the transition from the current architecture to the target architecture. Critical enterprise transitions include IT investment planning, transition planning, configuration management, control, and project management.

Architectural segments(Architectural Segments) reflect the orientation of individual parts of the overall architecture to the main business areas.

architectural models(Architectural Models) define business models and design (technical) models that reflect all the necessary segments for a complete description of the enterprise.

Standards(Standards) include all standards, guidelines (guidelines), as well as best practices. Examples of standards are:

Security standards;

Data standards refer to data, metadata, and other related structures;

Application standards refer to application software;

Technology standards refer to operating systems and hardware platforms.

Elements of enterprise architecture.

Usually, as part of the architecture, there are from four to seven main representations (subject areas or domains).

Rice. 4. Areas included in the concept of Enterprise Architecture

The following are the representations (domains) of the architecture:

Business architecture. Describes the activities of the organization in terms of its key business processes.

Information (data) architecture. Defines what data is needed to support business processes (for example, a data model) and to ensure the stability and long-term use of this data in application systems.

Application architecture. Defines which applications are and should be used to manage data and support business functions (such as application models).

Technology architecture(infrastructure or system architecture). Determines what enabling technologies (hardware, system software, networking, and communications) are required to create the environment for applications that, in turn, manage data and provide business functions. This environment should ensure the operation of application systems at a given level of service provision to their users.

Depending on the specific needs of the organization and the relevance of solving certain problems, one can distinguish and other architecture views, For example:

Integration architecture. Defines a framework for integrating various applications and data. For example, in projects in the field of "electronic government", when there are a large number of state information systems of various departments, there is an urgent need to create an independent integration infrastructure (integration architecture), in order to provide the state with integrated services to citizens and businesses on the principle of "one window".

Shared Services Architecture. Examples of these are services such as email, directories, general security mechanisms (identification, authentication, authorization). That is, this is a fairly large number of application systems that are "horizontal".

network architecture. Defines descriptions, rules, standards that are related to networking and communication technologies used in an organization.

Security architecture etc.